International Perspectives on Military Education
volume 2 | 2025
Endurance and Executive Function
Appendix
Captain Luke S. Gilman, USMC
https://doi.org/10.69977/IPME/2025.006
Table 1. Descriptive statistics of variables
|
Variable
|
N
|
Missing
|
M
|
SD
|
Minimum
|
Maximum
|
|
Pull-ups (M)
|
420
|
15
|
21.4
|
2.89
|
10
|
36
|
|
Pull-ups (F)
|
100
|
6
|
10.2
|
3.32
|
3
|
23
|
|
Three mile run (M)
|
421
|
14
|
1242.0
|
99.7
|
993.0
|
1540.0
|
|
Three mile run (F)
|
98
|
8
|
1374.0
|
107.0
|
1159.0
|
1643.0
|
|
Movement to contact (M)
|
427
|
8
|
152.0
|
9.32
|
132
|
187
|
|
Movement to contact (F)
|
101
|
5
|
176.0
|
13.7
|
137
|
212
|
|
Ammunition can press (M)
|
427
|
8
|
118
|
8.28
|
74
|
159
|
|
Ammunition can press (F)
|
101
|
5
|
79.3
|
13.0
|
44
|
125
|
|
Maneuver under fire (M)
|
427
|
8
|
130.0
|
12.3
|
100.0
|
175.0
|
|
Maneuver under fire (F)
|
101
|
5
|
161.0
|
17.0
|
108.0
|
201.0
|
|
Obstacle course (M)
|
335
|
100
|
215.0
|
41.8
|
131.0
|
394.0
|
|
Obstacle course (F)
|
65
|
41
|
340.0
|
77.0
|
199.0
|
530.0
|
|
Endurance course (M)
|
386
|
49
|
4285.0
|
401.0
|
3180.0
|
6072.0
|
|
Endurance course (F)
|
96
|
10
|
5025.0
|
602.0
|
3861.0
|
7440.0
|
|
Exam 1
|
541
|
0
|
84.0
|
7.73
|
60.0
|
100
|
|
Exam 2
|
541
|
0
|
82.1
|
9.41
|
59.0
|
99.5
|
|
Exam 3
|
541
|
0
|
89.5
|
7.44
|
65.0
|
100
|
|
Exam 4
|
541
|
0
|
85.2
|
8.83
|
60.0
|
100
|
|
Exam 5
|
541
|
0
|
85.4
|
7.15
|
58.0
|
100
|
|
Grade point average
|
541
|
0
|
85.9
|
5.89
|
68.7
|
100
|
|
Day land navigation
|
541
|
0
|
84.4
|
13.4
|
59
|
100
|
|
Night land navigation
|
541
|
0
|
84.0
|
15.9
|
58
|
100
|
|
Tactical performance exam
|
541
|
0
|
69.3
|
12.0
|
31.0
|
96.0
|
Source: courtesy of the author, adapted by MCUP.
Table 2. Pearson’s R correlation coefficients, females
|
Variable
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
10
|
11
|
12
|
13
|
|
1. Age
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2. Three-mile run
|
.17
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3. Movement to contact
|
.26*
|
.73***
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4. Maneuver under fire
|
.11
|
.56***
|
.73***
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5. Obstacle course
|
.40***
|
.39**
|
.48***
|
.36**
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6. Endurance course
|
.11
|
.49***
|
.46***
|
.56***
|
.38**
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7. Exam 1
|
-.23**
|
-.06
|
.01
|
-.13
|
-.22
|
-.10
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8. Exam 2
|
-.32***
|
-.09
|
-.06
|
-.09
|
-.18
|
-.11
|
.42***
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9. Exam 3
|
-.28**
|
-.12
|
-.2*
|
-.18
|
-.33**
|
-.13
|
.49***
|
.52***
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
10. Exam 4
|
-.09
|
.03
|
.09
|
.03
|
.05
|
-.12
|
.47***
|
.58***
|
.42***
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
11. Exam 5
|
-.07
|
-.05
|
.02
|
-.04
|
-.08
|
-.14
|
.25**
|
.51***
|
.33***
|
.31**
|
__
|
|
|
|
12. Grade point average
|
-.29**
|
-.10
|
-.08
|
-.13
|
-.23
|
-.16
|
.66***
|
.83***
|
.68***
|
.81***
|
.68***
|
__
|
|
|
13. Tactical Performance Exam
|
-.04
|
-.09
|
-.04
|
-.06
|
.13
|
.00
|
.23*
|
.28**
|
.28**
|
.36***
|
.36***
|
.42***
|
__
|
Note: * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001
Source: courtesy of the author, adapted by MCUP.
Table 3. Pearson’s R correlation coefficients, males
|
Variable
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
10
|
11
|
12
|
13
|
|
1. Age
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2. Three-mile run
|
.19***
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3. Movement to contact
|
.36***
|
.56***
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4. Maneuver under fire
|
.11*
|
.28***
|
.05***
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5. Obstacle course
|
.18**
|
.34***
|
.31***
|
.42***
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6. Endurance course
|
.29***
|
.58***
|
.42***
|
.28***
|
.48***
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7. Exam 1
|
.01
|
-.16**
|
-.10*
|
-.22***
|
-.18**
|
-.19***
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8. Exam 2
|
.01
|
-.17***
|
-.15**
|
-.18***
|
-.11*
|
-.29***
|
.46***
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9. Exam 3
|
-.03
|
-.16**
|
-.12*
|
-.18***
|
-.16**
|
-.24***
|
.50***
|
.49***
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
10.Exam 4
|
.07
|
-.07
|
-.04
|
-.16**
|
-.12*
|
-.14**
|
.47***
|
.48***
|
.41***
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
11. Exam 5
|
-.02
|
-.16**
|
-.07
|
-.11*
|
-.01
|
-.16**
|
.36***
|
.41***
|
.38***
|
.25***
|
__
|
|
|
|
12. Grade point average
|
.02
|
-.20***
|
-.14**
|
-.22**
|
-.14*
|
-.25***
|
.69***
|
.76***
|
.79**
|
.64***
|
.70***
|
__
|
|
|
13. Tactical Performance Exam
|
-.06
|
-.15**
|
-.14**
|
-.09
|
-.12
|
-.19***
|
.31***
|
.38***
|
.35***
|
.21***
|
.24***
|
.41***
|
__
|
Note: * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001
Source: courtesy of the author, adapted by MCUP.
Table 4. Pearson’s R correlation coefficients, all participants
|
Variable
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
10
|
11
|
12
|
13
|
|
1. Age
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2. Three-mile run
|
.09*
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3. Movement to contact
|
.13**
|
.70***
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4. Maneuver under fire
|
-.03
|
.54***
|
.77***
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5. Obstacle course
|
.00
|
.52***
|
.65***
|
.67***
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6. Endurance course
|
.08
|
.67***
|
.64***
|
.61***
|
.63***
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7. Exam 1
|
-.03
|
-.12**
|
-.05
|
-.14***
|
-.12*
|
-.13**
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8. Exam 2
|
-.05
|
-.08
|
-.01
|
-.04
|
-.04
|
-.08
|
.45***
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9. Exam 3
|
-.06
|
-.14**
|
-.12**
|
-.15***
|
-.18***
|
-.18***
|
.49***
|
.51***
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
|
10. Exam 4
|
.05
|
-.04
|
.00
|
-.08
|
-.05
|
-.09
|
.47***
|
.48***
|
.41***
|
__
|
|
|
|
|
11. Exam 5
|
-.03
|
-.11*
|
-.02
|
-.05
|
.00
|
-.10*
|
.34***
|
.43***
|
.37***
|
.27***
|
__
|
|
|
|
12. Grade point average
|
-.03
|
-.14**
|
-.06
|
-.12**
|
-.10*
|
-.16***
|
.68***
|
.77***
|
.79***
|
.65***
|
.69***
|
__
|
|
|
13. Tactical Performance Exam
|
-.04
|
-.13**
|
-.11*
|
-.08*
|
-.09
|
-.15**
|
.28***
|
.35***
|
.35***
|
.22***
|
.26***
|
.41***
|
__
|
Note: * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001
Source: courtesy of the author, adapted by MCUP.
Table 5. Point biserial correlation coefficients, pull-ups
|
Variable
|
Female
|
Male
|
|
1. Pull-ups
2. Age
|
__
-.09
|
__
.00
|
|
3. Three-mile run
|
-.11
|
-.14**
|
|
4. Maneuver to contact
|
-.16
|
-.13*
|
|
5. Maneuver under fire
|
-.31**
|
-.31**
|
|
6. Obstacle course
|
-.25
|
-.31***
|
|
7. Endurance course
|
-.24*
|
-.17**
|
|
8. Exam 1
|
.04
|
.04
|
|
9. Exam 2
|
.03
|
.09
|
|
10. Exam 3
|
-.05
|
.13**
|
|
11. Exam 4
|
-.06
|
-.04
|
|
12. Exam 5
|
.18
|
.05
|
|
13. Grade Point Average
|
.04
|
.07
|
|
14. Tactical Performance Exam
|
-.08
|
-.12*
|
Note: * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001
Source: courtesy of the author, adapted by MCUP.
Table 6. Spearman’s rho correlation coefficients, land navigation
|
Variable
|
1. (Female)
|
2. (Female)
|
1. (Male)
|
2. (Male)
|
|
1. Day navigation
2. Night navigation
3. Pull-ups
4. Age
|
__
.03
-.01
-.08
|
__
__
-.07
.11
|
__
.33**
.01
.09
|
__
__
.04
.00
|
|
5. Three-mile run
|
-.07
|
-.18
|
-.1*
|
-.08
|
|
6. Maneuver to contact
|
-.12
|
-.12
|
-.08
|
-.12*
|
|
7. Maneuver under fire
|
-.10
|
-.17
|
-.09*
|
-.11*
|
|
8. Obstacle course
|
-.13
|
-.11
|
-.13*
|
-.16**
|
|
9. Endurance course
|
-.01
|
-.23*
|
-.16**
|
-.17***
|
|
10. Exam 1
|
.02
|
.00
|
.09*
|
.14**
|
|
11. Exam 2
|
.28**
|
.13
|
.16***
|
.19***
|
|
12. Exam 3
|
.30**
|
.14
|
.09
|
.17***
|
|
13. Exam 4
|
.22*
|
.01
|
.07
|
.19***
|
|
14. Exam 5
|
.28**
|
.16
|
.17***
|
.11*
|
|
15. Grade point average
|
.33***
|
.13
|
.17***
|
.22***
|
|
16. Tactical Performance Exam
|
.19*
|
.00
|
.18***
|
.15**
|
Note: * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001
Source: courtesy of the author, adapted by MCUP.
Table 7. Multiple regression predicting GPA, females
|
Model 1
|
B
|
SE
|
β
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
Intercept
|
117.019
|
13.221
|
|
8.851
|
< .001
|
|
Age
|
-1.242
|
.408
|
-.439
|
-3.041
|
.004
|
|
Pull-ups
|
-.953
|
1.531
|
-.085
|
-.622
|
.537
|
|
Three-mile run
|
.000
|
.010
|
.009
|
.045
|
.964
|
|
Movement to contact
|
.040
|
.094
|
.102
|
.419
|
.677
|
|
Maneuver under fire
|
-.034
|
.071
|
-.101
|
-.479
|
.634
|
|
Obstacle course
|
-.006
|
.011
|
-.090
|
-.562
|
.577
|
|
Endurance course
|
.000
|
.002
|
-.035
|
-.204
|
.840
|
Note: R2 = .24, F(7, 46) = 2.061, p < .001
Source: courtesy of the author, adapted by MCUP.
Table 8. Multiple regression predicting GPA, males
|
Model 1
|
B
|
SE
|
β
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
Intercept
|
107.889
|
6.167
|
|
17.496
|
< .001
|
|
Age
|
.062
|
.107
|
.036
|
.578
|
.564
|
|
Pull-ups
|
-.217
|
.726
|
-.018
|
-.299
|
.765
|
|
Three-mile run
|
-.002
|
.005
|
-.036
|
-.450
|
.653
|
|
Movement to contact
|
.041
|
.054
|
.062
|
.763
|
.446
|
|
Maneuver under fire
|
-.086
|
.035
|
-.171
|
-2.440
|
.015
|
|
Obstacle course
|
.008
|
.010
|
.057
|
.821
|
.412
|
|
Endurance course
|
-.004
|
.001
|
-.272
|
-3.621
|
< .001
|
Note: R2 = .10, F(7, 280) = 4.65, p < .001
Source: courtesy of the author, adapted by MCUP.
Table 9. Multiple regression predicting GPA, all participants
|
Model 1
|
B
|
SE
|
β
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
Intercept
|
109.018
|
6.053
|
|
18.010
|
< .001
|
|
Age
|
-.019
|
.103
|
-.011
|
-.184
|
.854
|
|
Gender
|
-3.923
|
1.390
|
-.243
|
-2.822
|
.005
|
|
Pull-ups
|
-.611
|
.658
|
-.051
|
-.928
|
.354
|
|
Three-mile run
|
-.002
|
.004
|
-.046
|
-.548
|
.584
|
|
Movement to contact
|
.048
|
.046
|
.109
|
1.032
|
.303
|
|
Maneuver under fire
|
-.063
|
.031
|
-.186
|
-2.014
|
.045
|
|
Obstacle course
|
-.003
|
.007
|
-.037
|
-.438
|
.661
|
|
Endurance course
|
-.003
|
.001
|
-.252
|
-3.138
|
.002
|
Note: R2 = .08, F(8, 333) = 3.742, p < .001
Source: courtesy of the author, adapted by MCUP.
Table 10. Multiple regression predicting Tactical Performance Exam, females
|
Model 2
|
B
|
SE
|
β
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
Intercept
|
83.641
|
34.206
|
|
2.445
|
.018
|
|
Age
|
-1.034
|
1.057
|
-.154
|
-.979
|
.333
|
|
Pull-ups
|
-2.953
|
3.962
|
-.110
|
-.741
|
.463
|
|
Three-mile run
|
-.003
|
.027
|
-.027
|
-.125
|
.901
|
|
Movement to contact
|
.170
|
.244
|
.185
|
.696
|
.490
|
|
Maneuver under fire
|
-.225
|
.184
|
-.280
|
-.1223
|
.227
|
|
Obstacle course
|
.041
|
.029
|
.249
|
1.419
|
.163
|
|
Endurance course
|
.001
|
.006
|
.033
|
.177
|
.860
|
Note: R2 = .09, F(7, 46) = .667, p = .699
Source: courtesy of the author, adapted by MCUP.
Table 11. Multiple regression predicting Tactical Performance Exam, males
|
Model 2
|
B
|
SE
|
β
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
Intercept
|
102.267
|
12.598
|
|
8.118
|
< .001
|
|
Age
|
.091
|
.219
|
.027
|
.415
|
.679
|
|
Pull-ups
|
2.517
|
1.484
|
.105
|
1.697
|
.091
|
|
Three-mile run
|
.004
|
.010
|
.029
|
.361
|
.719
|
|
Movement to contact
|
-.142
|
.110
|
-.109
|
-1.299
|
.195
|
|
Maneuver under fire
|
-.036
|
.072
|
-.036
|
-.501
|
.616
|
|
Obstacle course
|
.018
|
.020
|
.063
|
.872
|
.384
|
|
Endurance course
|
-.004
|
.002
|
-.138
|
-1.780
|
.076
|
Note: R2 = .05, F(7, 280) = 1.993, p < .05
Source: courtesy of the author, adapted by MCUP.
Table 12. Multiple regression predicting Tactical Performance Exam, all participants
|
Model 2
|
B
|
SE
|
β
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
Intercept
|
92.740
|
12.691
|
|
7.308
|
< .001
|
|
Age
|
-.049
|
.216
|
-.013
|
-.227
|
.821
|
|
Gender
|
1.386
|
2.915
|
.042
|
.476
|
.635
|
|
Pull-ups
|
1.798
|
1.379
|
.073
|
1.303
|
.193
|
|
Three-mile run
|
.001
|
.009
|
.006
|
.073
|
.942
|
|
Movement to contact
|
-.048
|
.097
|
-.053
|
-.494
|
.622
|
|
Maneuver under fire
|
-.060
|
.066
|
-.087
|
-.917
|
.360
|
|
Obstacle course
|
.028
|
.015
|
.160
|
1.844
|
.066
|
|
Endurance course
|
-.004
|
.002
|
-.139
|
-1.697
|
.091
|
Note: R2 = .04, F(8, 333) = 1.743, p = .08
Source: courtesy of the author, adapted by MCUP.